{"id":285990,"date":"2025-08-23T16:01:41","date_gmt":"2025-08-23T14:01:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meetingrimini.org\/?p=285990"},"modified":"2025-08-23T16:01:41","modified_gmt":"2025-08-23T14:01:41","slug":"the-materials-that-did-not-exist-inventions-and-discoveries","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meetingrimini.org\/en\/the-materials-that-did-not-exist-inventions-and-discoveries\/","title":{"rendered":"The Materials That Did Not Exist: Inventions and Discoveries"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"bsf_rt_marker\"><\/div><div id=\"cs-content\" class=\"cs-content\"><div class=\"x-section e285990-e1 m64o6-0 m64o6-1\"><div class=\"x-row e285990-e2 m64o6-3 m64o6-4 m64o6-5\"><div class=\"x-row-inner\"><div class=\"x-col e285990-e3 m64o6-a m64o6-b\"><span class=\"x-image e285990-e4 m64o6-c\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meetingrimini.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/I_materiali_che_non_c_erano_x_articolo.png\" width=\"1920\" height=\"600\" alt=\"Image\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"x-section e285990-e5 m64o6-0 m64o6-2\"><div class=\"x-row e285990-e6 m64o6-3 m64o6-4 m64o6-6\"><div class=\"x-row-inner\"><div class=\"x-col e285990-e7 m64o6-a\"><div class=\"x-text x-text-headline e285990-e8 m64o6-d\"><div class=\"x-text-content\"><div class=\"x-text-content-text\"><h2 class=\"x-text-content-text-primary\"><strong>The Meeting and the Protagonists<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"x-row e285990-e9 m64o6-3 m64o6-4 m64o6-7\"><div class=\"x-row-inner\"><div class=\"x-col e285990-e10 m64o6-a\"><div class=\"x-text x-content e285990-e11 m64o6-e\"><p>The meeting &ldquo;The Materials That Did Not Exist: Inventions and Discoveries,&rdquo; held in the Conai A4 Room, was moderated by Francesco Mambretti, Post Doc in Atomic Simulations at the Italian Institute of Technology. On stage, Professor <a href=\"https:\/\/www.meetingrimini.org\/personaggi\/beghi-marco\/\">Marco Beghi<\/a> of the Polytechnic University of Milan and Professor <a href=\"https:\/\/www.meetingrimini.org\/personaggi\/gross-silvia\/\">Silvia Gross<\/a> of the University of Padua guided the audience on a fascinating journey, from the atomic scale to the major geopolitical challenges of our time.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-text-headline e285990-e12 m64o6-d\"><div class=\"x-text-content\"><div class=\"x-text-content-text\"><h2 class=\"x-text-content-text-primary\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\">The Fine Line Between Discovery and Invention<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-content e285990-e13 m64o6-e\"><p>&ldquo;A discovery concerns a new phenomenon, typically unexpected, something nobody was looking for because nobody imagined it existed,&rdquo; explained Marco Beghi. The quintessential example is superconductivity, first observed by Kamerlingh Onnes while studying the behavior of metals at extremely low temperatures, made possible by his ability to liquefy helium. A pure discovery, therefore, which paved the way for countless inventions.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"x-row e285990-e14 m64o6-3 m64o6-4 m64o6-8\"><div class=\"x-row-inner\"><div class=\"x-col e285990-e15 m64o6-a\"><div class=\"x-text x-text-headline e285990-e16 m64o6-d\"><div class=\"x-text-content\"><div class=\"x-text-content-text\"><h2 class=\"x-text-content-text-primary\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\">Invention as a Pursued Result<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-content e285990-e17 m64o6-e\"><p>An invention, on the other hand, is &ldquo;the outcome tenaciously pursued for decades,&rdquo; as in the case of the sensitive glass used in our smartphones. An idea born with the first computer graphical interfaces that required decades of targeted efforts and substantial investment to become reality.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"x-row e285990-e18 m64o6-3 m64o6-4 m64o6-9\"><div class=\"x-row-inner\"><div class=\"x-col e285990-e19 m64o6-a\"><div class=\"x-text x-text-headline e285990-e20 m64o6-d\"><div class=\"x-text-content\"><div class=\"x-text-content-text\"><h2 class=\"x-text-content-text-primary\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\">The Success of Materials and Technologies<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-content e285990-e21 m64o6-e\"><p>Beghi emphasized that the success of a material does not depend solely on its intrinsic properties, but also on the technologies that enable its production and use. Steel, an alloy of iron and carbon, was the building block of the Industrial Revolution. Likewise, silicon maintained its dominance over gallium arsenide, potentially faster, not because of its absolute qualities, but because the technology to produce perfect silicon crystals on a large scale was far more advanced. This drove increasing miniaturization, leading to today&rsquo;s chips with up to 100 million transistors per square millimeter, making devices incredibly fast.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-text-headline e285990-e22 m64o6-d\"><div class=\"x-text-content\"><div class=\"x-text-content-text\"><h2 class=\"x-text-content-text-primary\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: windowtext;\">The Complexity of the Superconducting Wire<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-content e285990-e23 m64o6-e\"><p>The professor then concluded his talk by showing the complexity of a modern superconducting wire: to make it stable and functional, hundreds of microscopic niobium tubes filled with tin are assembled into a wire less than a millimeter in diameter. &ldquo;Superconductivity is a discovery,&rdquo; remarked Beghi, &ldquo;but to make a wire like this, it is clear that this is all invention and technology.&rdquo;<\/p><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-text-headline e285990-e24 m64o6-d\"><div class=\"x-text-content\"><div class=\"x-text-content-text\"><h2 class=\"x-text-content-text-primary\"><strong>The Era of Urban Mines and the Challenge of Critical Raw Materials<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-content e285990-e25 m64o6-e\"><p>While Beghi focused on the creation of new materials, Professor Silvia Gross reversed the perspective, starting from &ldquo;materials that already existed, but are becoming scarce or, in technical terms, critical, and therefore must be recovered.&rdquo;<\/p><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-text-headline e285990-e26 m64o6-d\"><div class=\"x-text-content\"><div class=\"x-text-content-text\"><h2 class=\"x-text-content-text-primary\"><strong>The Ecological Transition as a Transition of Materials<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-content e285990-e27 m64o6-e\"><p>The ecological and digital transition, Gross explained, is actually a &ldquo;transition of materials.&rdquo; An energy system based on renewables is far more intensive in terms of metal usage than a traditional one. Just think that an electric car contains a significantly higher amount of critical raw materials, such as metals for batteries and magnets, compared to a combustion engine car.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-text-headline e285990-e28 m64o6-d\"><div class=\"x-text-content\"><div class=\"x-text-content-text\"><h2 class=\"x-text-content-text-primary\"><strong>Europe and Dependence on Rare Earths<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-content e285990-e29 m64o6-e\"><p>The European Union, aware of its dependence on countries like China that hold a monopoly on many of these elements (the so-called &ldquo;rare earths&rdquo;), has drawn up a list of raw materials defined as &ldquo;critical.&rdquo; Criticality is determined by two factors: their strategic importance for European technologies and the high risk of supply disruptions, including those caused by geopolitical tensions.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-text-headline e285990-e30 m64o6-d\"><div class=\"x-text-content\"><div class=\"x-text-content-text\"><h2 class=\"x-text-content-text-primary\"><strong>Urban Mines and Electronic Waste Recycling<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-content e285990-e31 m64o6-e\"><p>The solution, according to Professor Gross, lies in the circular economy and the exploitation of &ldquo;urban mines&rdquo;: our electronic waste. &ldquo;The concentration of metals in a ton of mobile phones is 100 times higher than what can be found in mined rock,&rdquo; she stated, highlighting the enormous potential, also economic, of recycling. Extracting metals from waste also requires much less energy and produces less wastewater than traditional mining.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-text-headline e285990-e32 m64o6-d\"><div class=\"x-text-content\"><div class=\"x-text-content-text\"><h2 class=\"x-text-content-text-primary\"><strong>The Technological Challenges of Selective Recovery<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-content e285990-e33 m64o6-e\"><p>The technological challenge is immense: a mobile phone contains between 30 and 40 different elements, and separating them selectively is a complex process. Here the creativity of chemistry comes into play, with the development of new &ldquo;smart&rdquo; molecules capable of selectively &ldquo;capturing&rdquo; a single metal, or the use of innovative and more sustainable solvents to extract lithium and cobalt from spent batteries.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-text-headline e285990-e34 m64o6-d\"><div class=\"x-text-content\"><div class=\"x-text-content-text\"><h2 class=\"x-text-content-text-primary\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: windowtext;\">Conclusions<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"x-text x-content e285990-e35 m64o6-e\"><p>The meeting concluded with a strong call for responsibility and intelligence, as emphasized by moderator <a href=\"https:\/\/www.meetingrimini.org\/personaggi\/mambretti-francesco\/\">Francesco Mambretti<\/a>, encouraging a non-ideological approach to the issue of recovery. He invited attendees to continue the dialogue by visiting the exhibition &ldquo;Homo Faber,&rdquo; curated by the <a href=\"https:\/\/euresis.org\/\">Euresis<\/a> association, to experience firsthand how humans can understand and manipulate matter to build a more sustainable future.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Meeting and the Protagonists The meeting &ldquo;The Materials That Did Not Exist: Inventions and Discoveries,&rdquo; held in the Conai A4 Room, was moderated by Francesco Mambretti, Post Doc in &#8230; <\/p>\n<div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.meetingrimini.org\/en\/the-materials-that-did-not-exist-inventions-and-discoveries\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":7359,"featured_media":285956,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[9604,9605],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-285990","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-home-en","category-news-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.4 (Yoast SEO v27.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Materials That Did Not Exist: Inventions and Discoveries - Meeting di Rimini<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A journey through discoveries and inventions, from superconductivity to critical materials for the ecological transition. 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